Notes on Appeasement

Slide 2 – Appeasement Appeasement characterises British Foreign Policy for all 20th Century e. g. modifying of treaty of Versailles. Appeasement now associated with weakness (dirty word) but in 1900s was seen as honourable. CATO – ‘guilty men' – published by left wing journalists analysed why appeasement failed, the guilty men were seen as moral cowards†¦ people supported this until the opening of the National Archives. WHO you are trying to appease is the problem. Doomed to fail from the start? Trying to appease the unappeasable?Slide 4 – Anglo – German Act of revenge on part of previous warfare against Ethiopia Inferiority complex often shown by Italy as it had no Empire League put economic sanctions but did not shut the Suez Canal- showing they did not want to provoke Italy and Britain wants Italy as Ally against Hitler Therefore there is a need for Appeasement, Britain and France were put to shame, angered Mussolini and therefore join s Hitler in taking over Austria. Diplomatic allegiance that threatens Britain's security due to disarmament. (Japan, Italy and Germany)Collective security completely discredited – League plays no role at all in any of succeeding crises – everyone for themselves. Slide 5 – Re- Occupation of Rhineland Hitler sees world is distracted and takes the opportunity and invades Rhineland and re arms it. Gamble by Hitler – Army was not sent in just a few infantry. Britain wants him to get away with it. Public opinion – Pacifist against war v no interest in foreign affairs This was last chance to stop Hitler. Slide 6 – Spanish Civil War Representative of ideological struggle in Europe as whole: Communists and socialists vs.Fascists and right wing. Britain and France Appease AGAIN!!!!! EST OF NON – INTERVENTION COMMITTEE BUT DOES NOTHING BRITAIN BEGINS TO FEAR AERIAL BOMBARDMENT Slide 7 – Guernica STRIKE FEAR INTO BRITONS AND BEGIN TO RE â €“ ARM TO SECURE SAFETY OF LONDON (PUBLIC OPINION AND POLITICAL CIRCLES) STANLEY BALDWIN – NO DEFENCE AGAINST THE BOMBER. MORAL PANIC. REFER TO GUERNICA IN STATISTICAL ANALYSIS. EXPECTED DEATHS CAUSED EVEN MORE PANIC Slide 8 – The Anschluss HITLER BREACHES VERSAILLE AGAIN FELT THAT THERE WAS LITTLE BRITAIN AND FRANCE COULD DO, SO APPEASED AGAIN!!! Slide 10- CzechoslovakiaWanted to take back land that was originally German But part of little entente, so makes a seperatist movement e. g. propaganda against each other Slide 13 – Appeasement If you don't negotiate with Hitler? What do you do? League of Nations a ‘busted flush' Any collective security via Empire? Empire a source of weakness, give commitments and responsibilities but not necessarily the strength to deal with those responsibility? Possibility of an alliance system against Germany? – potential of a front against Hitler, Poland hates Russia and Vice Versa and czechs, not easy to form.Lik liehood of provoking a war becomes increasingly more apparent Slide 14 – Defence Weaknesses Red. Britain's defences 1934 – penny drops, DRC formed because thought that world is no longer a peaceful place. Specifically look at defence requirements – 15yrs of cuts left britain with very small army, air force not good, navy only thing that was useful. Not useful on mainland Europe. Slide 15 – Defence Weaknesses cont. Fear of German bombing was rife, need a strong air force. Even though not consistent but still at heart. 1938 rearmament really begins to take placeRAF slower than bombers they needed to intercept. Needed a modern defensive. 1935 – 1939 Britain manages to create a modern air defence system, RAF more effective now. Makes Appeasement seem logical Slide 16 – Economic weakness Economic Consequences of going into war, just emerging out of Great depression don't want involvement in war for 2nd time in 20 yrs. Munitions are now very expen sive, cost of rearmament begins to bite 40% of total govt expenditure- treasury had to borrow money, weakens the pound. Could Britain plunge back into depression? Appeasement looks like a good idea now!Slide17 – European commitments Britain has too many commitments but not enough power to keep to them. External threats to the empire are possible so do not want to exhaust all resources on Germany. Internal threats within the Empire are also rife. All hostile to any European entanglements. Specific memory of disastorious consequences of involvement in Gallipole (Austrailia and New Zealand) Slide 18 – Absence of allies No real allies within Europe in 1930s Retreatment of USA – legal neutral and isolate Soviet Union? – Communism worse than Nazism.Fundamentally unreliable – change in govt every 6 months. (politically unstable) shocked by consequences of ww1 not willing to go out on a limb against Hitler. Slide 19 – Domestic calculation Students o f Oxford Union vote that they will NOT serve King and Country. Score points for more outrageous policy – score of political debate within UNI Some evidence of pacifism but not as strong as people believe. Housing led to socialists being elected and nearly unseating current Mayor. Chamberlain confident public not enthusiastic about War. In order to win war impetus for appeasement.Slide 21- failure of appeasement Lebensraum – key German policy goes way beyond re taking german territory. Wants to create a german empire. Apeasement led to demand for more territory on behalf of Hitler? Kristallnacht! Horrified people, persecution of Jewish people of Germany made them feel guilty of betraying Jewish people. Slovak nationalist Seperatism – allowed Hitler to invade the remains of Czechoslovakia Slide 22- Abandonment of Hitler could not be trusted and was willing to use force when necessary! 1st time in peace time introduction of limited conscription (more spending? Anno unces that Britain would give cast Iron gurantees to Poland etc. guarantees security. But all efforts too little too late. Chamberlain still believes that Hitler would not have guts to risk a European war. Hitler expected a short campaign. Slide 23 – Franco Russian talks Spurred on by German Italian axis. Britain's Lack of common sense. British Naval conservation goes to †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ head of mission to be greeted by Soviets, wore medal for fighting against soviet union. Stalin has own agenda, wants russian troops in Poland, but neither can agree.

Globalisation Drivers

Explain what is meant by the term globalisation. Identify and analyse the key drivers of the process of globalisation over the last twenty years. During the mid 1990’s the International Monetary Fund has defined globalisation as: ‘The growing interdependence of countries world-wide through the increasing volume and variety of cross-border transactions in goods and services and of international capital flows, and also through the more rapid and widespread diffusion of technology’ (Turner, 2006).Over the years, this interdependence of countries worldwide has increased dramatically. An indication of this has been the increase in the number of domestic and foreign strategic alliances by six times during the period 1989-1999 (Nam-Hoon Kang, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 2001). This change clearly indicates how companies from all over the world interact with each other and form partnerships in response to the phenomenon of globalization.The mai n drivers that have helped globalization to expand and deepen over the past years have been technological revolutions such as the widespread use of Internet and the ease of trans-boundary travelling, the creation of international institutions that encourage free trade by removing trade barriers, the establishment of multinational corporations which seek to increase their profits by taking advantage of what globalisation has to offer (Economics for business 5th edition John Sloman p. 498) and last but not least the change of governments’ policies towards deregulation and privatisation (Development in Practice Taylor & Francis p. 24). This study aims to outline and examine these key drivers that made it possible for globalisation to evolve. The study will also focus on the magnitude of the drivers with relation to globalisation. â€Å"Globalisation is both a result and a force of modernisation and capitalist expansion, entailing the integration of all economic activity (local, national, and regional) into a ‘global' market place: that is, a market place that transcends geopolitical borders and is not subject to regulation by nation states. (Development in Practice Taylor & Francis p. 524) Technological revolutions are viewed by many as one of the key drivers of globalisation. (Bradley 1993, Dicken 1992). Firstly, the reduction in transportation costs and the ability to communicate freely and easily due to the advances in technology have caused tourism to rapidly grow over the years (Tourism in the age of globalisation Salah Wahab, Chris Cooper p. 320). Most importantly, not only individual people as passengers were benefited by the lower transportation costs.In the last half of the twentieth century, the price of transporting products worldwide has fallen dramatically due drops in the cost of air travel, the containerization and increasing ship size (Chrystal, 2007, p. 11). Containers have the ability to move non-fragile goods at the cost of 1% of retail value to any place. In the past years, when the transportation of goods was done through shipping before containers were invented, the cost involved used to be around 10%-20% of retail value. by BCRA) The striking difference in cost indicates the new potential for transfer of goods at increased quantities at a faster and cheaper rate from one place to another. In addition to this, the rapid grow of communications, especially through Internet has added significant strengths to globalization (Economics of globalisation By Partha Gangopadhyay, Manas Chatterji). The Internet has provided a powerful and cheap tool for sharing of information on goods and services through the form of advertising. This helped firms to boost their sales since they can target a bigger range of potential customers at a very low cost.The trends clearly show a constant increase of Europeans e-commerce sales from 2006 to 2011, reflecting a similar increase in the corporations that are investing in the e-bu siness (ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND THE GLOBALISATION ERA). Furthermore, internet enables free, fast and easy communication of ordinary people from all around the world which also serves as a factor that promotes globalisation and exchange of views and ideas on new products and services (Economics of globalisation By Partha Gangopadhyay, Manas Chatterji).In the recent years, technology is undoubtedly an enabling driver of globalisation but the latter is also influenced by economic motives. This actually means that globalisation is also driven by the economic motives of people. These motives have to do with shifting patterns of production and consumption from one place in the world to another (Tourism in the age of globalisation p. 321). More specifically, businesses seek new opportunities to lower their costs, to achieve savings of scale and to establish a competitive global position by gaining a greater global market share (Economics for business 5th edition).As a result of these motiv es, the foreign direct investment over the years has increased substantially and inevitably the number of cross-borders mergers and acquisitions has also increased. Corporations are trying to lower production costs by shifting the production to countries with cheap labour as well as to countries with abundant resources such as raw materials. China, India and Eastern Europe have been in the recent years the targets of FDI since they possess a production comparative advantage because of abundant and low wage labour force (By Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Treasury Committee).Furthermore, the reduction in trade barriers, the lower transportation costs and the development of stock markets, increased the corporations’ ability to trade and invest at a global scale. For example, stock markets have served as mechanisms for important inflow of capital for corporations since they can go public and raise significant capital that can be used for FDI (http://www. globaldesig nandbusiness. org). Someone can easily distinguish that while benefiting from what globalisation is offering the corporations are themselves driving the phenomenon through their innovations on technology and their overseas activities.The corporations’ economic activities, which are mentioned in the previous paragraph, are also related to the trade institutions that are world widely formed. The world trade institutions are associations that aim to the liberalisation of trade and encouragement of transnational economic actions. Such institutions are namely the WTO, NAFTAA and EFTA. These institutions have similar goals ie to increase competition and economic efficiency through the reduction of trade barriers and the governments’ regulations over trade within the members of their organisations.These organisations are having their members agreeing in reduction of tariffs and other policies (such as antidumping and subsidies) in order to make the governments transparent. Th e organisations are also setting special committees with the task of making sure that the pre-agreed policies are followed and that no member gets out of line. Because of the establishment of such institutions and the clear increase in their membership with ascending time the world trade has increased dramatically (http://www. wto. org, http://www. nafta-sec-alena. org).A good indication of that is the fact that the United Kingdom’s imports and exports contribution to its GDP has increased from 45% to 57% over the period of 1950 to 2005 ( Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Treasury Committee). Consequently, as the world institutions become stronger more active and more influential, globalisation is strengthened due to the improved and amplified interactions of corporations and countries as a whole. The governments as the years pass are trying to create a more competitive environment so that they can become attractive for foreign inflows of capital and investment.Fur thermore, they want to minimize the outflows to less regulated countries (Global public policy: governing without government: Wolfgang H. Reinicke p. 15). In order to achieve these goals, they have been converting their policies towards a more economically favourable manner. Inevitably they have been trying to reduce their trade barriers and accelerate economic growth by joining the world trade institutions (e. g. WTO) as well as the free trade blocks such as the E. U and ASEAN. The trading blocs have a large number of objectives that bring the country-members closer to each other.Some of these objectives demand that the members cannot practise anticompetitive behaviour such as high tariffs, quotas and anti-competitive taxation whereas additionally peace, mutual respect and cultural acknowledgement are also promoted (http://www. aseansec. org, http://europa. eu). Looking at another aspect in the chapter of the governments’ policies that is driving globalisation, someone could identify the remarkable example of the transition countries. The transition countries are suggested to be China, the former Soviet Union, ex-communist Europe countries and third world countries such as India (http://en. ikipedia. org). Over the past 20 years these countries have undergone various economic and political changes that have substantially shifted the countries from the previously central planned economies towards free market economies. As a result liberalisation and privatisation have been encouraged (Privatization in transition countries: By Oleh Havrylyshyn, Donal McGettigan p. 7 and 8). Because of those changes, globalisation has been favoured through its inherent characteristics to become stronger and deeper with modernisation and capitalist expansion. (Taylor &Francis). Looking back to the key drivers of globalisation we have presented in this study, they have all been relatively important since they are all favouring globalisation correspondingly. It is clear that the technological advances and the governments’ policies and behaviours separately and distinctly are really adding to the increasing pace of globalisation. However, the interesting thing that someone could safely say, it is that these drivers are interrelated which suggests that one driver is driving the other and both of them are driving globalisation. References: 1.European Business 2nd Edition Debra Johnson Colin Turner p. 59 2. Nam-Hoon Kang, Organisation For Economic Co-Operation And Development, 2001 3. Economics For Business 5th Edition John Sloman p. 498, Development In Practice Taylor & Francis p. 524 4. Tourism In The Age Of Globalisation by Salah Wahab, Chris Cooper (Bradley 1993, Dicken 1992) p. 320-323 5. Economics By Richard G. Lipsey, K. Alec Chrystal p. 11 6. ELECTRONIC COMMERCE AND THE GLOBALISATION ERA by STUPARU, DRAGOS, VASILE, TOMITA (article) 7. Economics of globalisation By Partha Gangopadhyay, Manas Chatterji p. 191-193 8.Globalisation: prospects and policy responses, fourteenth report of session †¦ By Great Britain: Parliament: House of Commons: Treasury Committee p. 7-12 9. http://www. globaldesignandbusiness. org 10. http://www. wto. org 11. http://www. nafta-sec-alena. org 12. Global public policy: governing without government: Wolfgang H. Reinicke p. 15 13. Privatization in transition countries: By Oleh Havrylyshyn, Donal McGettigan p. 7-8 14. Monetary Policy under Uncertainty Proceedings of the 2007 Money and Banking Seminar – BCRA p. 86 (report) 15. http://www. aseansec. org 16. http://europa. eu 17. http://en. wikipedia. org

Postpartum Haemorrhage And Atonic Uterus Literature review

Postpartum Haemorrhage And Atonic Uterus - Literature review Example Postpartum internal bleeding continues to be the most important cause of maternal mortality, statistically presented as 30% of all new mothers deaths, approximately which take place in poor countries (Carroli, 2002). Preponderance of cases is as a result of antonym of womb, even though well protected placenta or damage to any section of the delivery canal through delivery can be the source of this problem. This paper presents a literature review on postpartum haemorrhage and atonic uterus. Internal bleeding that takes place immediately one gives birth that is within 24 hours is known as initial post partum blood loss whilst extreme bleeding after the first 24 hours is known as delayed postpartum bleeding. In broad, initial PPH entails heavier haemorrhage and superior morbidity. Extreme haemorrhage affects about 5% to 15% of mothers after deliver (Bonnar, 2000) the causes of initial haemorrhage are mainly with no trouble understood as abnormality of essential procedures. Haemorrhage w ill take place if the uterus is not in a position to shrink sufficient to seize the haemorrhage at the placental position (Bobrowski, 2005). Retained crop of commencement or clots of blood, or genital area disturbance may instigate great blood postpartum, especially if not promptly identified. Coagulation abnormalities can cause excessive haemorrhage alone or when joint with other procedures. As reminiscence these procedures can be put into four T’s; Tissue, Tone, Thrombin and Trauma (Wax, 2003). Causes of haemorrhage after caesarean method of delivery comprise of atonic uterus, placenta, haemorrhage from the uterine cut or extensions of this cut, engaged placenta, and haemorrhage from vaginal or tears from the cervical or uterine burst. Atonic uterus can be inaccessible or connected other reasons for internal bleeding. Vaginal and cervical cut characteristically occur after an extended labor with broad or practically total dilatation. They can expand impulsively, through a c heck of forceps or nothingness removal, or during delivery through caesarean when the doctor tries to remove a deadly head caught profound within the pelvis. According to Smellie (2002), serious internal bleeding from the uterus cut, in general occurs as a result of cross extension, which is a consequence of extreme grip when developing the cut or from raptures resultant of giving birth via an opening that is infinitesimal. Following delivery of the baby, the delivery of the placenta, the amount and causes of haemorrhage are characteristically evaluated. As presented above, extreme haemorrhage might be associated with poor level of tone and linked to laceration, cuts, or crucial areas of endometrial irregularity (Ridgway, 2005). The analysis of atonic uterus is completed if the uterus fails to develop into firmness after uterine manipulate and management of doctors dealing with delivery of babies. Haemorrhage from cross conservatory of the uterine cut after cesarean is promptly obta ined by examination of the cut. Correspondingly, examination of the uterus opening will disclose any placenta that is retained. Placenta retention ought to be alleged if the placenta fails to disconnect straight away, except can be in attendance even if placental release appear to be comprehensive. Placenta removal frequently manifests as bleeding from an implant site in the subordinate uterine section. The

Juvenile Death Penalty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Juvenile Death Penalty - Essay Example Rehabilitation of juveniles is the main aim of the juvenile justice system not imprisoning and punishing them as majority of us think. Juvenile courts are closed to the public unlike the normal proceedings that are open to the public. Juvenile court proceedings are sealed hence no one see them and they are later on destroyed when the juvenile reaches between the age of eighteen and twenty one years. In law, the news media are not usually supposed to report the name of the minor involved in a criminal proceedings. Unlike the adults' status, the minors' status has special penalties, restrictions and protection. In many western countries, the rights and status of minors is compared to the state of women and racial minorities before they acquired equal right. United States and Somalia have not ratified the United Nations Convection on the rights of the child like all other members states of the United Nations. The News Hour with Jim Lehrer presented a debate on the decision of the Supreme Court ruling to ban death penalty of murderers of under the age of eighteen years. The debate was held on March 1, 2005 the same day the ruling was made. It was presented by Gwen Ifill as she hosted Jan Crawford Greenburg - The Chicago Tribune.

Structuring Your MessageUNIT4DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Structuring Your MessageUNIT4DB - Essay Example In this paper, we will address why the opening of a presentation is crucial and some ways to prepare an effective one. The opening, beginning or introduction of a presentation tells the audience what is to come and what to expect. According to Mary Munter (2002), one must remember to â€Å"set the stage†, â€Å"grab attention†, â€Å"use humor with caution† and â€Å"state recommendations† in preparing for the opening. (p. 43-44) She underscored the fact that this is the part where the presenter introduces the topic, sets the pace, and establishes credibility. There are several styles in doing so, but it is recommended to use a formal introductory device. Effective formal openers include anecdote, humor and involving question. Steve Mandel (2000) explained these extensively in his book, The Effective Presentation Skills. Anecdote, which is usually humorous though not always, tells of a short story to illustrate a point. Humor, on the other hand, uses a joke as a springboard to seize attention and break the ice. Mandel, however, warned against humor that has something to do with sex, race, religion, or any other personal topic. According to him the humor must be linked to the speaker, topic, audience, or the occasion. It should be conservative. Involving question is a bit tricky, so if one does not know his audience, he could ask for a show of hands after asking an open-ended question. This is a safe way since audience might give a wrong answer or crack a joke at the presenter’s expense. (Mandel, p. 24) Informative presentations do away with these devices and instead call for introductions that state facts and figures. (Asha, p. 96) In this case, statistical data or citing the agenda is used to open the presentation. Confidence adds up to the impact of a presentation. That is the reason why practice and preparation is important. I have seen a very good presentation ruined because the presenter

The Leadership Experience Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

The Leadership Experience - Term Paper Example A directive autocratic style is where managers make decisions unilaterally and closely monitors subordinates whereas a permissive autocratic is where managers make decision unilaterally but allows subordinates to have autonomy in performing their duties. Therefore, in this management style, all decisions made reflect the perceptions and personality of the manager. It is a directive leadership which alienates subordinates from participating in the decision making process. On the contrary, democratic style is where the manager engages subordinates and encourages them to participate in the decision making process. A democrat shares responsibility of making decisions with employees and this motivates them and makes them feel that their opinions are valued. This paper discusses and compares management styles based on Michael Hopkins and Marc Ballon’s articles focusing on the form of leadership of Bloomberg and Jack Hartnett respectively. Michael Bloomberg is the manager and founder of the News Service Bloomberg Inc, a company that casts global news and information. His major concern is company loyalty and so he does not freely or easily relate with those who quits the company. He definitely does not get disturbed if an employee approaches him and informs him about his resignation. However, Bloomberg will not even shake his workers’ hand if they quit and will never consider re-hiring a person after they quit. He does not rehire individuals. Bloomberg and Jack Hartnett respectively.

Assess the future prospects for British banks Essay

Assess the future prospects for British banks - Essay Example banks provide extremely good value for customers unlike in other countries where customers pay both to have bank account and for the services they use whereas in U.K. banks, they provide free banking including access to free debit card, free access to ATM’S, free use of cheques, internet banking etc. Their charges are transparent and are advised to customers when they open the account. Banks generally publish their tariff charges also. London is both home to the world headquarters of the major British banks, and the host to major trading activities of both US and Continental European banks. London today is with 264 foreign banks and has 20 % of international bank lending. So it becomes the largest center for cross border banking. British banks account for 5 of the worlds top 20 by market capitalization, while there are 7 in the rest of Europe, 6 in America, and the remaining 2 are Japanese (Smallwood, 2005). The development of a number of world-class British-based banks successes is based on their own competitiveness, and not on any degree of government subvention or protection. A consequence of this is that London is, and is likely to remain for at least some appreciable time, the most international of capital market centers. The UK accounts for 60 per cent of primary international bond trading, and 70 per cent of secondary. There are more companies listed on the London Stock Exchange than on either the New York or Tokyo exchanges. In the OTC derivatives market, the UK accounts for over 40 per cent of global trade, compared with 24 per cent for the US, 10 per cent for France, and 3 per cent for Germany. Our fund management and insurance industries are both the third largest in the world, behind those of the US and Japan. The good news is the present strength of banks: a high level of profitability, strong levels of capital, and risk management, which has

Hedging risk exposure and arbitrage Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Hedging risk exposure and arbitrage - Term Paper Example Some of the methods include hedging or diversification of risks (Madura, 2014). The investors should choose the best option cautiously not only to eliminate the risk but also to maximize revenue. This document evaluates put option as a hedging strategy in a simulation scenario. Hedging is concurrent acquisition and sale of two equivalent securities having different maturity period with the expectation of gaining from the consequent movements the price of those securities (Bouzoubaa & Osseiran, 2010, p. 78). The investors hold stocks with the expectation that at one point they will be able to sell the stock at a higher price to cover the transaction cost and other cost of holding the stock such as inflation cost (Bingham & Kiesel, 2004). The stocks are sold at a premium, but the sales may have to be delayed. The unit value of stock after price appreciation is equivalent to the marginal cost of holding that security. Anticipation of price increase in the stock value will result to an increase in the current price of the stock (Madura, 2014, p. 342). By hedging the stock investors commit to taking a minimum value of the stock and avoid making loss in case, the value of the underlying security goes below the future value of the contract. However, the hedger risk losing profit in case the value of the stocks exceeds the future contract value. It is imperative to note that the individual’s decision to hedge security does not affect the market condition because the investor transfers the risk to a willing speculator who buys a security. Also, when an investor purchases a security with anticipation that their prices will raise in the future that result in the transfer of risk from the seller to the buyer of the stocks (Madura, 2014, p. 242). However, investors accept risk premium in order to hedge their securities. The implication of risk premium is the fact that the investor has to sell

The Love Lab Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Love Lab - Essay Example What it takes to sustain a relationship: Gottman Dr. Gottman has suggested several things in the video. First of all, he has advised to get rid of ‘The Four Horsemen of Apocalypse’, insisting that couples tend to create misunderstanding as well as bitterness among themselves by criticizing each other’s actions or thought. Also, sarcasm, cynicism, offending gestures, mockery, indirect insult and other negative behaviors tear two people apart. Stonewalling and defensiveness also prevents spouses from discussing problems with each other. Therefore, according to Dr. Gottman, it is absolutely essential that whenever any occasion of dispute takes place, at least one partner must try to ‘settle’ down or ‘divert’ the topic (Gehart 337). To settle disputes in marriages, Dr. Gottman advised the couples for ‘couple therapy’ and weekend workshops. He also held the view that to sustain a marriage a couple must take certain initiatives lik e building ‘love- maps’ and must share fondness and good memories. Some admiration needs to be present among partners. Above all, they must concentrate on their marriage and hold a positive attitude. This would help in creation of a shared meaning and help the partners to achieve their ambitions and aspirations. Views about the video ‘The Love Lab’ The viewers could understand every details of therapy, or love- procedure of Dr. Gottman. With no extra efforts put on special effects, the video seems to capture a single day of ‘The Love Lab’, more precisely the couple of hours required for diagnosing a couple. At the beginning of the video which is less than five minutes in length, one finds an apparently- happy couple entering the love lab. All the characters who appear in the video look very convincing and rea - including Dr, Gottman himself, his assistants, and ‘happy and not-so- happy’ couples who walk to the ‘The Love Labâ €™ (The Love Lab). Though the video lacks fineness of quality and precision, but nowhere does it fails achieve its objective. One could not trace any sign of extravagance or grandeur on the backgrounds. Rather sometimes it gives the impression of a well-lit moderate apartment. The female- voice protagonist never comes in the front, but provides description and analysis of single action and shift of focus in the video- staring from the type and subject matter of questions that are asked, oral history interview, symptoms of a strongly- connected couple, etc. Soon after this, the video monitors the backstage of the research lab, where highly- trained observers analyze reactions of couple using a special type of coding system. The video shows the whole procedure step by step. Later on the video captures the activities of the couples and research technicians during ‘conflict discussion’. A glance of computers with special type of coding system and other the equipments im plies that Dr. Gottman’s ideologies are based on scientific grounds. The female- voice protagonist simultaneously describes the aspects or parameters of analysis- blood velocity, flooding, fidgeting, sweating palms, heat beats, facial expressions, body movements, and topics of disagreement like disagreement about finances, or maintenance of kids, how they met, warm affectionate memories, etc. Video tapes are used to record minute facial expressions which are later on analyzed using specific codes. At the end of therapy, these tapes are preserved for

Bring Back Flogging Essay Example for Free

Bring Back Flogging Essay First off, I believe we should bring back flogging. We have a problem with prisons now days and I believe flogging can help. Prisons just don’t work. They’re overcrowded, violent, and cost way too much money. They are completely ineffective! I remember back in high school, if we got in trouble we would be suspended or either have ISS. For most people, ISS wasn’t anything but fun; just another regular day at school. That’s how I feel prisons have become. Some criminals will tell you straight up that prison is just a walk in the park, and it shouldn’t be that way! People should dread going to prison instead of not worrying about it. If we brought back flogging, I believe people would be quicker to change their ways rather than spending time in a prison cell. Flogging is humiliating and painful yet quick and cheap! We would see a decline in prisons offering up billions of dollars. Just think what we could do with those billions of dollars. If someone were to be flogged, I think it should be behind closed doors; because if not, that’s where the controversy would start. Although it would be very embarrassing to the criminal to be flogged in front of the public, he/she has rights too. Also, for those who think flogging is cruel, do you not know that prisoners get beat, raped, burned, and assaulted on a daily basis. I think a criminal would take a back ache over being beat, raped, burned, or assaulted any day. I also think flogging should be brought back for the simple idea that criminals can get on with their life and don’t have to completely start all over!

Communication in Children and Families

Communication in Children and Families Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Answer to Question 1 Answer to Question 2 Answer to Question 3 Answer to Question 4 Answer to Question 5 Answer to Question 6 Conclusion References Introduction Effective communication between parent and children the most important and difficult field of communication. There should be logical way and scientific approach according to different needs and requirements. To understand the process in a better way, here are some key points to be considered before stepping on to it. Answer to Question 1 Demonstrate judgements regarding the importance of effective communication with children and families It is very hard to understand the psychology of children in a family or a society but it is extremely important to understand that as it affects the behavior of a kid on a huge basis. There are some key reasons that show that why it is so important to have an effective communication with children and families:- A positive relationship between children and their families is vital for the youngs childrens well being Parents are the kids first teacher, they learn from them only Parents behavior as in what do they follow at home with their young babies and children has a major impact on intellectual, social and emotional development Better relationships amongst children and parents are achieved through better communication only A clear and thorough communication or talk can omit all the misunderstandings and the possible barriers. It is important to share your previous experience and what you already know about communicating with parents and children and its significance as it helps you a lot while learning new things. It will clear the objective of understanding the importance of communicating between children and parents more easily. â€Å"It is not who you are as a parent that enables your children to be effective learners but what you do that makes a difference† (Peers Early Education Partnership 2005) These lines says allyou need to understand your responsibility towards the children and learn how to communicate to make them better for future. Here, in the communication part with the children, the professional relationship is important as well. For brief, professionals have contracted through a formal agreement to be responsible for the care and wellbeing of someone else’s child. So, there is very thin line between professional friendliness and relationship with children and as a parent you need to understand that properly. (Anon., 2005) Answer to Question 2 Employ the principles of how communication works, children’s early communication skills and supporting strategies and approaches Communication works in many ways, it helps building relationships. Communication can actually start with children’s early communication skills as well. The children’s early communication includes various different ways:- Crying Looking into your eyes Smiling Laughing Sounds Babble and ‘talk’ – pretend conversations Now how can we, as parents talk to them? The process of communication with babies involves a many ways like as follows:- Talking to them in a very special manner Touching them and make them feel safe and secure Playing with them making expressions and faces For a babys well-being and development, emotionally and intellectually; sensitive and responsive communication is extremely important. It makes the child feel at home amongst the loved ones Babies are the most ready ones to talk and play with people when they are awake, playful and alert Recognize the babys state, try and respond to it in a particular way and support the babies in developing a sense of self You just follow what the baby is trying to convey Try and talk to the baby in the manner thinking what it is like for the baby You can help the baby regulate its own mood by playful gestures, music and expressions Read their signals and respond to them accordingly. Those who does that develops a strong bond with the babies Nonverbal communication is best at the early stage of communication with the babies Be and look positive all the time in front of the babies, it is important for their growth of the social brain. The positive looks stimulates the social growth of the babies (Anon., 2008) Answer to Question 3 Evaluate barriers and challenges which may impact upon effective communication between practitioners, children and families Barriers and challenges in effective communication are those factors that hinder good communication between practitioners, parent and children. These barriers take shape according to the situations and places such as at a societal level, Brandt (1998) notes that the parents or people in general are becoming increasingly estranged from public institutions. Sometimes it is actually very problematic and hard to reach families. To solve this problem, first of all make a note about who are the families that you think may find it hard to reach and communicate with services? Then spend time with them discussing different issues faced while establishing effective communication between parents and children. These families may have characteristics as follows: Different cultural backgrounds English as an additional language Different family backgrounds Different personalities Lack of confidence and self esteem Learning difficulties Literacy skills Physical difficulties Psychological difficulties All these characteristics act differently during the establishment of effective communication between parents and children. For example, sometimes parents cannot cope up with the changing trend and thus the gap of understanding between their cultural preferences and the children cultural preferences widens. Also, if the practitioners use â€Å"their own cultural lenses† to interact with culturally and linguistically diverse parents, there occurs a problem. Lets take another example regarding psychological difficulties. On a parental level, a parent’s own negative school experiences may impact positive relationships with teachers, or parents may simply not understand how to effectively interact with the children regarding their educational system. Similarly, economic, time constraints, lack of technology may also be primary obstacles to effective communication. All these barriers and challenges may be eliminated with a traditional yet significant 5-15 minute parent conference that offers little time for meaningful communication regarding a child’s academic and social progress. This can be act as an open platform for interaction within practitioners, parents and children. (NCB, 2008) Answer to Question 4 Reflect on the importance of enabling positive environments to promote communication between children, families and professionals For establishing an effective communication between professionals, parents and children, it is extremely vital to create a positive environment for the communication to take place. As a professional, you soon learn that children and parents are a two-for-one deal: Developing confident relationships with parents is precarious for providing the best care possible to their children. So being friends with the parents help a lot here. To ensure the same, as a parent, you can test it. For example, Amanda got into her car, really angry. When she dropped off her 22-month-old, Nyra, that morning, she mentioned to the baby sitter and her friend, Reeta (who look after Nyra), how impossible Nyra has been in the mornings. She drags her feet, doesnt want to get dressed, pitches a fit about which outfit to wear—its been practically impossible to get her out the door. But to her surprise, Radhika tells Anna that Nyra is an angel while talking to her. She listens each and everything that Radhika asks for and thus Anna is relieved that her child is in safe hands. For understanding the children in a better way, you first need to be more close to the parents by following these simple steps:- Notice how you are feeling with kids beahviour Look at the interaction from the childs point of view. Develop a sense of grasping the surroundings with a childs eye Partner with parents, talk to them more-n-more and understand their need Look for a scope of compromise Tell the parents not to fight or create an awkward situation in front of their kids Ask them not to follow their so called bad habits in front of the kids and try and avoid such stuff as much as possible Listen to children and their queries, needs and expectations and act and ask the parents too to act accordingly Promote healthy and knowledgeable practices at home and so on (McDonald, n.d.) Answer to Question 5 Importance and role of intervention strategies, approaches and techniques supporting the development of effective communication In developing effective communication between parents and children, supporting intervention strategies, approaches and techniques act as major helping factors. What is intervention strategy? According to Desforges (2003), in the intervention strategy, effective settings consider what the major barriers are for their own communities and work proactively to remove them. The strategy involves Establishing formal and casual relationships with families and children Knowing the families in a much detailed and better way but not intervening somehow is a thing to keep in mind Talking and discussing about the needs and expectations of families Offering a good range of options and choices for involvement and participation in the learning process that are truly match with the family colors Observe and observe the knowledge and understanding level of the parents, value them and try to enhance the same incorporating different techniques Now, what are techniques? You can follow several techniques to achieve your aim of effective communication:- Ensure a friendly warm welcome to parents by keeping in mind their expectations Ensure physical environment is welcoming. This is because it encourages the proximity factor Proactively plan how to include families like organizing a fun seminar or some musical learning process Ensure all staff have training in inclusion and equalities policies and procedures Home visits may be planned to help develop relationships with parents and children at the same time Ensure all aspects of family life are considered properly e.g. child-minding For the approach part, you can create and develop your own or just research and follow that suits you the best like The Hanen Approach says, there are three main steps of developing effective communication i.e. Observe Wait Listen Collectively, these steps are referred as Owling Similarly, you can consider the Camdens communication approach which says:- Stop, Look and Listen Here too, the listen factor is being emphasized. So, for any approach, the listening habit should be developed prominently. (Anon., 2012) Answer to Question 6 Professional skills and attributes in developing positive communications with children and families The professional skills and attributes while establishing or developing positive communications with children and families involve certain practices. Majorly divided in three groups namely, Collaborative, Effective and Reflective, these practices are as follows:- Collaborative 1. Family-centered practice 2. Partnerships with professionals 3. High expectations for every child Effective 4. Equity and diversity 5. Respectful relationships and responsive engagement 6. Integrated teaching and learning approaches 7. Assessment for learning and development Reflective 8. Reflective practice i.e. how to react to certain communication or actions Professionals collaborate with families and the children for effective communication. They communicate and plan partnership ways to achieve the best practice to be followed They work in groups across different planned settings so as to support the positive behavioural changes and attitude/ learning transitions for children They always ready to learn from each other as effective communication is a give and take relationship The professionals try to understand their own and others roles as well. After understanding the same, they make referrals whenever and wherever there is a need These professionals are truly committed to work in partnership and in groups so that they can achieve the best possible results for children The skills in quick look- The professionals work collaboratively to share information and messages. They logically plan communication procedures to ensure universal approaches to kids learning and development Each professional understand another’s practice, skills and expertise so as to get inspired and make referrals whenever needed according to the appropriate situation Acknowledging the significance of changes within and across early juvenile services and schools is one of the main skills the professional should possess. It is in order to ensure that children understand the process and have an active role in preparing for these transitions They build on kids’ prior learning and involvements to build continuity for their learning journey and development of personality (Aguliar, 2011) Conclusion The key formula for effective communication is to observe, listen and think and then act. You just need to be logical and updated in terms of planning procedures. Observe the behavioural pattern of children, their growing needs, expectations; understand the cultural values and beliefs of their parents and mix them well according to the latest trend because for an effective communication, one need to be updated and well informed. References Aguliar, E., 2011. 20 Tips for Developing Positive Relationships With Parents. [Online] Available at: http://www.edutopia.org/blog/20-tips-developing-positive-relationships-parents-elena-aguilar [Accessed 29 April 2015]. Anon., 2005. National Literacy Trust. [Online] Available at: http://www.literacytrust.org.uk/talk_to_your_baby/policy_research/1713_research_birth_to_school_study-a_longitudinal_evaluation_of_the_peers_early_education_partnership_peep_1998-2005 [Accessed 29 April 2015]. Anon., 2008. The National Strategies. [Online] Available at: http://idponline.org.uk/downloads/ey-slcn.pdf [Accessed 29 April 2015]. Anon., 2012. Positive Approaches to Challenging Behaviors,. [Online] Available at: http://www.cmhcm.org/provider/centrain/Training_Units/POSITIVE_APPROACHES.pdf [Accessed 29 April 2015]. McDonald, K. R. a. M., n.d. Promoting positive education and care transitions for children. [Online] Available at: https://www3.aifs.gov.au/cfca/publications/promoting-positive-education-and-care-transitions-childr [Accessed 29 April 2015]. NCB, 2008. Principles of engaging with families. [Online] Available at: http://www.ncb.org.uk/media/236258/engaging_with_families.pdf [Accessed 29 April 2015].

Group Paper :: essays papers

Group Paper Anorexia is characterized by a significant weight loss resulting from excessive dieting. The strong desire to be thin and a fear of becoming obese motivate so many women and an increasing number of men, to begin dieting. Anorexics consider themselves to be fat, no matter what their actual weight is. Often anorexics do not recognize they are underweight and may still â€Å"feel fat† at 80 lbs. Anorexics who are close to death will reveille the parts of their body where they feel they need to loose weight. In their attempts to become even thinner, anorexics will avoid consuming food and taking in calories at all costs. An estimated 10 to 20% of anorexics will eventually die from complications related to the disorder (http://www.mirror-mirror.org/eatdis.htm). In my personal experience, a person with anorexia may feel like their life is out of control. In this case since the person feels like they have no control over anything, they turn to anorexia for stability in their lives. They feel that they can control their eating habits and weight, and what goes into their body and what doesn’t. This feeling of control gives the person a sense of relief that he or she is in charge of at least some aspect of their life. They feel a sense of power when they step on the scale every morning and see a decrease in weight. When it does go down, they have â€Å"succeeded† and when it does not, they have failed in trying to accomplish their goal of thinness. When anorexics loose weight, they feel that they have all of the power and control over themselves. Anorexics are usually people who strive for perfection; they will set very high standards for themselves, and they feel that they always have to prove their competence to everybody else around them. Anorexics will usually put their needs on the back burner while putting others’ needs ahead of theirs, even if it may cause their own life to suffer. Sometimes anorexia is an escape for the individual from their problems. By forcing themselves to focus so strongly on dieting and loosing more and more weight, they can block out all of their other personal problems. Anorexics usually have very low self-esteem, and sometimes they feel that they do not deserve to eat.

Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck :: Of Mice and Men Essays

Introduction. 'Of Mice and Men' is written by John Steinbeck, published in 1937. The novel is set in the 1930s during the great depression in California. The two prominent characters, George and Lennie are farm workers who have a dream of one-day owning their own ranch. They find work in a ranch near Soledad, after escaping from Weed because of George's incident. They are met by different characters on the farm that all have a dream. Lots of farm workers would share the dream of all one day owning some land of their own. This dream became very popular and was named the 'American Dream.' Its people came from every country and background with the one belief that America would bring them wealth and happiness. For very many others, America offered escape from poverty and starvation. It was a new country, an undiscovered one. In Europe land had always been the key to money and status. Only in America could the poor of Europe hope to own their own land. The country became more and more heavily populated as the word got around of gold mines, and new homes and villages developed creating communities. At its simplest the American Dream was the popular idea that America was a country that allowed men and women to make a clean start. Like all dreams the reality did not always match the dream. However the destruction of the Indians, the American civil war and the creation of city slums were all growing pains of a great country. Yet the dream survived. That is this dream survived until the late 1920s. By then there was no more land to be claimed and America had built up its own rules and laws. This marked the start of the great depression. Farming was badly effected, as over farming had caused huge areas of land to just dry up. This was the creation of the famous 'dust bowl.' Poor crops meant that many of the farmers were unable to pay back the debts they had taken out in the first place to buy the land.

Movie Essays - Romanticism in the Film Version of The Big Sleep

Romanticism in the Film Version of The Big Sleep      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Raymond Chandler's novel The Big Sleep, he presents two sisters, Vivian and Carmen. These women become the central characters, aside from Philip Marlowe, and they control much of the action in the novel. The 1946 film version of The Big Sleep, however, manipulates Chandler's characters considerably. Aside from playing with the dialogue of the novel, the screen-writers change the very essences of Vivian and Carmen. Perhaps it is the casting of the film which forces changes from the novel, or perhaps the Production Code keeps the writers from developing the women in the way that Chandler does; either way, the film version of The Big Sleep makes the story romantic and often cliche.    Vivian and Carmen, sisters, are presented by Chandler as psychotic and dangerous women. Vivian, is described in detective Philip Marlowe's thoughts as "tall and rangy and strong-looking...Her hair was black and wiry and parted in the middle and she had the hot black eyes of the portrait in the hall"(Chandler 17). She is cool and manipulative, instantly suspicious of Marlowe's presence in her world, and she plays her suspicions off as insults. When she meets Marlowe, she says, "So you're a private detective,...I didn't know they really existed, except in books. Or else they were greasy little men snooping around hotels"(Chandler 18). Marlowe plays right back at her, countering every snide remark with one of his own. When Vivian tells Marlowe she doesn't like his manners, his response is,    I'm not crazy about yours...I didn't ask to see you. You sent for me. I don't mind your ritzing me or drinking your lunch out of a Scotch bottle...I don't mind if you ... ...ynamic together, the script is allowed to be less than what the novel created. This is exactly what happened with The Big Sleep. Marlowe and Vivian took a backseat to Bogart and Bacall. The sisters, Vivian and Carmen, had to be altered to create the effect of romance and intrigue. There was really no other way to go within the restrictions of the Production Code, as Carmen couldn't be played up to her full potential, so the director took Vivian and made her the leading lady. The essences that Chandler created for these two women were dynamically altered for the film in order to create two women without the demons or psychoses that he had intended.    Works Cited    Chandler, Raymond. The Big Sleep. New York: Random House, 1939. "Memorable Quotes from Big Sleep, The (1946)." IMDB. Internet. Accessed: April 1999. Address: http://us.imdb.com/

Educating Rita and the Allegory of the Cave Essay

The film â€Å"Educating Rita† and the essay â€Å"the Allegory of the Cave† are based on philosophical ideas and problems connected with personal development, education and understanding of the good life. ‘Educating Rita† and the essay â€Å"the Allegory of the Cave’ portray personal development of people and importance of education, persistence and hard work crucial for success and self-determination. Thesis Both works portrays that only self-improvements and education combined with personal values will create a unique personality able to obtain social status and understand the world. Educating Rita’ and ‘the Allegory of the Cave’ discuss the role of persistence and hard work in education and learning. In the film, the main heroin would not be able to achieve success and change her personality without diligence and great desire to archive this success. Similar to the film, Plato portrays that persistence and desire to learn something new drive the personality. Thus, both works show that learning differences arise from different motives and personal traits, different goals and life expectations of the characters. Socrates questions: â€Å"And when he remembered his old habitation, and the wisdom of the cave and his fellow-prisoners, do you not suppose that he would felicitate himself on the change, and pity them? (Plato). In this case, thinking and analysis are the main tools which help the student to learn and develop new knowledge. For learners, one of the first and most basic steps to master new knowledge is to develop strong skills through practice and cramming. The works portray that a unique personality is coined by education and learning, knowledge sharing and continuous practice. ‘Educating Rita’ portrays that learning ensures that the knowledge is generated and perceived currently. ‘Educating Rita’ portrays that every person can improve her knowledge and receives good education in spite of her class location and background. Similar to the film’s theme, Plato says: â€Å"Whereas our argument shows that the power and capacity of learning exists in the soul already† (Plato). It is important to note that in contrast to many other students who work hard for many years but fail to achieve their dream, the film and Plato’s essay describe that learning can shape any personality in a short period of time, but he/she needs long-life learning and education in order to to keep abreast of time and expend his/her knowledge. Both works, â€Å"Educating Rita† and â€Å"the Allegory of the Cave† discuss the important role of teacher and mentor in education and self-development. The role of the teacher is to motivate and inspire his pupil. In general terms, motivation in the pupil can be described as the direction and persistence of action. It is concerned with why people choose a particular course of action in preference to others, and why they continue with a chosen action, often over a long period, and in the face of difficulties and problems. The process of learning is closely connected with self-regulated learning. Plato comments: â€Å"He will then proceed to argue that this is he who gives the season and the years, and is the guardian of all that is in the visible world, and in a certain way the cause of all things which he and his fellows have been accustomed to behold? (Plato). In the film, this process is supported by strong personal commitment to work, life goals and hopes which have not come true. In contrast to ‘the Allegory of the Cave’ in the film motivation is concerned, basically, with why Rita behaves in a certain way. Personal motivation and life goals have a direct and positive impact on her self-direct learning. Her motivation can be describes as urges, aspirations, drives and needs of human beings direct or control or explain their behavior. Symbolically, for prisoners ‘light’ symbolizes ‘truth’ while for Rita ‘education’ becomes the light in her life. In sum, both works describe that our world views depend upon education, learning, and a teacher who supports and guides his pupil. Education is the first major step that increases personal values of everyone and creates new opportunities to succeed on the workplace. Learning is typical for people, because they see persistence and diligence as important qualities of a character and personal traits. Character Sketches Rita (Susan) Rita is a young (about twenty) working class girl (hairdresser) who wants to improve her life and continue education. She is marriage but her husband is constantly against her education. From the start it is clear from her bad grammar that she has a less polished education than the other students. At the start she is simply the instrument of Frank. Later she seems to have some pity for him. One sign of Rita’s development is her growing realization of how Frank cares about her. She is smart, brave and courageous to start a new life. To be so clear about one’s upbringing is a step in overcoming it. At the end of the film she becomes persistent, diligent and hard-working students. A diligent attitude to learning is the best way to prove that hard work and persistence can result in social recognition and high social status. Dr Frank Bryant Frank is a middle aged academician who achieved nothing in his life. He lack money and decides to teach working class students to earn for living. Frank combines the moral and social qualities of a gentleman. He is patient, sympathetic and kind. He inherits honesty; he is a reliable and sensitive, clumsy and inaccurate person. In his love for Rita, he shows that he has none of snobbery or egoism. His tact is evident in his treatment of Rita and in the delicate way he corrects her manners. Frank is, above all, a loyal friend who actively helps Rita in her attempt to change herself. Knowing how to work and motivate his pupils is one of the marks of a true teacher. Frank conforms to this ideal. His fine manners show that he is a gentleman at heart.

About The Groningen Holland Netherlands Architecture Essay

The United States has a really diverse civilization. The lone people that can truly state they are from here, are people that can follow their lineage back to the Native Americans that were here long before the first colonists came to the new universe. Everyone in the United States can follow their lineage back to states all over the universe. Over the last few hundred old ages these civilizations have blended together to go what is now thought of as U.S. civilization. During this assignment I found that my ascendants are from Groningen, Holland or the Netherlands. â€Å" Groningen is the capital metropolis of the state of Groningen in the Netherlands † . The metropolis is the largest metropolis in the North of the Netherlands. In 1594 the metropolis joined the Spanish in the Eighty Years ‘ War, or the Dutch war of Independence, but subsequently switched sides to the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands, besides known as the Dutch Republic. Groningen is home to the 2nd oldest university in the Netherlands. Groningen University was founded in 1614. In April of 1945, much of the metropolis was destroyed during World War II. The conflict lasted several yearss and came to be known as the Battle of Groningen. ( Wikipedia ) Recently the Swarthout household celebrated its 350th day of remembrance of its reaching in America. If your family name is Swartwout, Swarthout, Swartout, or Swartwood, you are likely descended from one Tomys Swartwout ( 1607-62 ) who brought his household to New Netherland in 1652. Tomys and his two brothers were born in Groningen, Holland. The three brothers were engaged in the baccy concern in Amsterdam in 1629, importing their merchandise from Virginia and New Netherland, the island of Manhattan, but merely Tomys settled in the New World, the other two staying in Amsterdam. During this period traveling your household all the manner to the New World was a great hazard. The household asked Tomys to travel to assist their concern as times were turning tough. Reluctantly, Tomys came to the New World with his household in hope of assisting his households baccy concern. Today in the Netherlands, the largest subsistence scheme used is industrialism. â€Å" The economic system, which is based on free endeavor, is extremely industrialised and efficient † . Petroleum refinement, machinery, chemicals, and building are merely a few of the taking industries. Agribusiness and gardening are two other important subsistence schemes. â€Å" The Netherlands exports nutrient and big Numberss of cut flowers and bulbs † . More than half of the universes flower exports are grown in the Netherlands. Although agribusiness and gardening employ less than five per centum of the labour force, these activities are important in bring forthing meats, cheeses, and other dairy merchandises that are sold to other states. Information engineering is another subsistence scheme that ca n't be ignored in the Netherlands. Recently a strong economic base has been developed around calculating, telecommunications, and biotechnology. This besides includes touristry and bank ing ( CultureGrams ) . With industrialism being the Netherlands strongest subsistence, many different engineerings are relied upon. Factories for fabrication, and all different types of machinery are used for treating natural stuffs and chemicals, such as crude oil. Technologies used for agribusiness include tractors, ploughs, combines, and many other specialised machines. None of these subsistence schemes would work without transit and communicating. The Netherlands has one of the best transit systems in Europe. â€Å" An efficient web of trains connects major and minor metropoliss † . Although most people own personal vehicles, the states six million autos makes traffic a serious job. Buss, trams, and subway systems are besides utilized in the part ( CultureGrams ) . Division of labour is seen in all subsistence schemes. The division of labour is really much skewed towards gender. â€Å" Women constitute merely 38 per centum of the labour force and frequently merely work portion clip † . One chief ground for this is the late entry of adult females into the work force because of the German business during World War II. Until late adult females needed their hubbies ‘ permission to come in into employments contracts. Within the atomic household, adult females are still seen to play the function of housewife, while the adult male is seen as the supplier and chief beginning of income ( Cultures ) . â€Å" The Netherlands is a unitary province governed by a cardinal organic structure. The political system is a parliamentary democracy every bit good as a constitutional monarchy. The queen has little political influence ; her function is mostly symbolic. Political power lies in the custodies of a cabinet of curates headed by a premier curate. The cabinet is accountable to the parliament, whose members are elected at four-year intervals. The Dutch Parliament consists of the First Chamber and the Second Chamber, which together constitute the legislative organic structure. The 2nd Chamber initiates new statute law. Its members are straight elected by the people. The legal age to vote is 18. The members of the Second Chamber are elected by relative representation, which leads to a great figure of political parties that together vie for 150 seats. The first Chamber either ratifies or rejects the new statute law proposed by the Second Chamber. Its members are elected by the members of the Pro-vinciale Staten. Each of the 12 provinces has a local regulating board ( Provinciale Staten ) whose chair is the commissioner to the queen, World Health Organization is appointed by the authorities for a life term. Its members are elected by the dwellers of the state. Commissioners and city managers are handpicked by the authorities for life footings † ( Culture ) . â€Å" The Dutch pride themselves on holding an advanced free market economic system that runs swimmingly † . In 1999, the labour force consisted of 7,097,000 individuals ; the unemployed numbered 292,000. The one-year gross national merchandise ( GNP ) amounted to 323 billion euros ( $ 373 billion ) in 1997. Two per centum of the Dutch population is employed in the extremely mechanised agricultural sector, 24 per centum are employed in the industrial sector, and 74 per centum work in the service industries. The Netherlands chief trading spouse is Germany. There are five classs that Dutch exports cab be divided into: agricultural merchandises, 15 per centum ; natural or enriched fuels, 6 per centum ; chemical merchandises, 17 per centum ; industrial merchandises, 12 per centum ; and machinery, 24 per centum † . Two-thirdss of Dutch exports go to five states: Germany, Belgium, France, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Those five merchandising spouses account for 61 per centum of Dutch imports ( Cultures ) . Catholics make up the largest fold in the Netherlands at approximately 30 per centum of the population. Reformed Protestants make up approximately 14 per centum followed by Dutch reformed at 7 per centum. The Muslim faith merely makes up approximately 4 per centum of the population. 40 per centum of the population are non spiritual or connected to a denomination. Small rural communities in the Dutch Bible Belt, which runs along the towns of Zierikzee, Dordrecht, Utrecht, Zwolle, and Assen, still have faith playing a major function in the ordination of people ‘s societal and cultural lives ( Culture ) . Traditionally, the northern and eastern parts of the state have been Protestant, while the South has been Catholic. The royal household belongs to the Dutch Reformed Church ( World Mark ) . Dutch people are free to take their partners and do so to the highest degree frequently out of love. The Dutch people do pattern endogamy though frequently get marrieding within the restraints of category, ethnicity, and faith. Monogamy is the lone signifier of matrimony allowed. â€Å" Same-sex twosomes can get married and hold the same rights as heterosexual twosomes † . The most common family unit is the atomic household. This consists of the male parent, female parent, and kids. It is a turning tendency to hold single-parent households, twosomes without kids, and single-person families. Extended household families are rare. The Dutch make a strong differentiation between relations by matrimony and relations by blood. â€Å" Consanquineal relations are considered more of import than are affine relations † . Financial and emotional support are normally directed to the closest family ( parents, kids, and siblings ) ( Culture ) . Soccer is the most popular athletics in the Netherlands. In 1988 the Dutch won the European association football title. Tennis, field hockey, swimming, seafaring, ice-skating, volleyball, badminton, and other athleticss are besides enjoyed. In old ages when the ice is thick, a day-long ice-skating race takes topographic point. The path encompasses Friesland ‘s 11 chief towns, many lakes, and parts of the sea. Equally many as 80,000 people participate ( CultureGrams ) . Dutch nutrient is wholesome and merely prepared. Seafood is widely eaten, particularly herring, which are traditionally lifted by the tail and dropped caput foremost into one ‘s overturned oral cavity. The Dutch breakfast is by and large a cold repast of chopped staff of life, meat, and cheese. In mundane life, the Dutch wear typical modern Western-style vesture for both formal and insouciant occasions. Traditional costumes including the wooden places can still be seen today near tourer attractive forces. D utch mythology is strongly linked to the sea and characters associated with it, such as mermaids and plagiarists. Many popular Dutch narratives, conundrums, and rites were suppressed over clip but some survived as portion of the state ‘s Christian traditions. The Dutch Father Christmas ( named, like the American Santa Clause, for Saint Nicholas ) is called Sinterklaas and has a dark-faced helper called Black Peter who is said to transport disobedient kids to Spain in a poke. â€Å" Many of the rites of transition that immature people undergo are spiritual rites, such as baptism, first Communion, verification, and matrimony † ( World Mark ) .

Explaining legal and ethical tensions between maintaining confidentiality and sharing information

Explain how to support effective communication within your own job role. Communication is constantly happening within the day care center and in my job role I have a responsibility to communicate with staff, service users and other professionals. I use various forms of communication but I also seek to make sure that it is understood. Communication has got to be understood before it can be effective and so I try to ensure comprehension when I am verbally speaking by getting staff to repeat what I have asked them to do. I also write simply worded memos and emails to ensure ease of comprehension.When communicating with other professionals I speak clearly and seek affirmation when organizing meetings or planning events. I also seek to write in a legible manner if writing to professionals. Each service user has a communication book for reporting and informing families and carers of activities on a daily basis, these are written in a legible way also. Primarily when communicating with each individual service user I seek to communicate in an understandable way and at a level each individual will understand. The methods I employ are verbal, pictorial, object-based, physical prompts and signing.Analyse the barriers and challenges to communication within own job role. Propose improvements to communication systems and practices to address any shortcomings. Lead the implementation of revised communication systems and practices. Barrier/Challenge. Explaination. How could it be improved? How have I improved it Deafness? Some of our service users have hearing loss and on occasions forget to bring their hearing aids to day care. This presents a severe communication challenge and barrier on these occasions.Bring hearing aid in daily. I have written a request in service user’s communication book requesting that hearing aids are sent in daily and suggesting that a spare is obtained in the event that his current hearing aid is broken. Visual impairments mean that visual cue s and prompts are meaningless and this includes signing. Glasses could be worn. I have requested that service users wear their glasses to aid with communication. I have adapted general approach to service users to compensate for blindness. No Speech/Speech Impediments. Some of our service users have poor speech or no speech at all. With these service users an alternative form of communication is required or an ability to listen  intently and comprehend what they are saying. Picture/objects of reference.A jotter and pen to spell difficult words.For some of our service users I have drawn together objects and photographs of reference and each one acts as a word of vocabulary and provides an ability to communicate effectively. For one of my service users I have encouraged him to spell out difficult words to understand. Comprehension. Some of our service users have profound learning disabilities and their level of comprehension and understanding is very limited, however they communicat e constantly.Alternative methods could be sought.One individual has been taught to â€Å"eye-point† at what she wants. Another gets quite restless and verbal when he is upset and smiles and giggles when happy. Staff have been informed of how this service user communicates. Time Another challenge to effective communication in the day care center is time. We are all busy and we don’t always have the time to listen and to communicate the way we should.Better time management.Managing our workload allows us to take time with our service users. However on many occasions there is no solution as we are all busy and things need to be completed. Noise. One of the biggest preventatives and barriers to effective communication is noise. Is the music too loud? Is the television on? Is there too many people in the room talking? Turn music/TV volume down, close doors, ensure staff have a relevant reason for being in the day care room.I have ensured volume of music etc. is at an accept able level.I have told staff to leave the day care room or to stop talking so loudly to enable the preservation of an environment conducive to effective communication. Distance. When communicating with service users or staff members at the other side of the room or down the corridor distance and space apart can become a barrier and a challenge to effective communication. Go to the individual you are communicating with. Although it is not always possible it is advisable to go to the individual and I seek to do this as much as possible. Computer System/E-mail. When sending or receiving e-mails it is necessary to have access to a working computer which is ‘online’.Have various ‘backups’ when communicating via email. I have sent emails and to ensure that the information has been forwarded I have  sent hard copies too.

Abstracts 4 Articles Decision Making

Reading 1. 3 Jackall, R. (1988) Theories of decision-making process deliver to managers many essential tools such as risk and cost/benefits analysis, etc. which in tern routinizes administration. These tools cannot be used appropriately to manage of incalculable entities. The functional rationality approach is when activities precisely planned and estimated to reach some goal. This method is unlikely to be used by top managers because another important factors are involved such as ego or personal altitude.If there is no special procedure for a particular problem, manager should focus on how to turn a situation into the right way in accordance with expectations from their boss. Some managerial people cannot make their own judgments. Instead, they are looking up and looking around for someone else’s opinion and finally they rely on it because of personal fears or inexperience. Another example of it is the mid-level decision-making paralysis in many American companies when a mana ger is trying to avoid of making a decision. In the case of inevitable decision, he or she would engage as many colleagues as possible for self-protection.Many examples of recent administrative and economic problems within American companies have showed the tendency that managers are oriented to the short-term period when making decisions. This is due to the fact that MBA programs provide tools which are focuses mostly on a short-term attitude. The second reason would be that managers are under pressure for annual, quarterly, monthly and daily results and these factors push they out of thinking about the future, even though they realise that today’s minor difficulties could be tomorrow’s big crises.Managers are also aware of blame time and when things go wrong it is necessary to be protected from consequences. This is the reason why they gravitate towards this fear being punished rather than reflecting critically. Bureaucracy disrupts working processes into parts and t he results of the work therefore disconnected with the decisions, which had been made. Manager’s productivity depends on the position within management circle or their supervisors. There is no codes or systems for tracking personal responsibilities to be established.To be successful manager means to move quickly within the levels of managerial hierarchy. It protects from going into problems too deeply at every level. Example I worked for four years as an instrument engineer in the Natural gas industry in Russia. I was involved into the decision making process associated with planning resources and finances for further projects and discussions about engineering-related difficulties. Firstly, when the question was complicated and involves financial resources, I checked the parameters of equipment many times and sent the results to my boss.When I received the confirmation from him, I printed it out and managed the necessary signatures on it. I did not want to be responsible for any inconvenience because my boss has to carry out this kind of responsibility. It was extremely important for me as a lower-level manager to have the document that proves that all things are done in time and approved by middle-level manager. In case of inconveniences such as the late commissioning phase of facilities I showed the documents that all the steps were completed by me on time. Reading 4. 2 Â  Reason, J. (1990)The general view on accident’s causes within complex technological systems includes theoretical framework which is not only provides the data on how dangerous factors could be combined themselves, but also where and how to predict these tendencies and take necessary measures beforehand. There are many elements of production, which are also involved into accident causation. Fallible high-level manager’s decisions are a major contributing factor to an increase in risk, followed by the lack of line management, which in turn causes dangerous preconditions and unsafe acts (intended and unintended).The latter are based on human’s psychological characteristics and conditions and are described as a combination of both potential hazards and errors, which could cause injury or damage. Likewise, a trajectory of an opportunity includes all these factors plus safeguards and productive events. Each of these has a window of opportunity in terms of an accident incidence. Therefore damage is highly possible when this trajectory is crossing all the windows at all the stages of production. The safe operation control consists of two features – feedback and response.The theory points out that the most successful approach to manage the safety is by taken into consideration the failure types rather than the failure tokens. According to Westrum (1988) there are three groups of auctions – denial, repair and reform. The successful organization is taken actions in responding to safely data from the reform (bottom level). The fundament al distribution error relates to a personal incompetence of employee while on the other hand the fundamental surprise error is the situation when personal observation differs to a reality.Thus, taken into consideration these terms and experience from the past major accidents such as Chernobyl, the nature of a malfunction has to be considered not only as pure technical but also as socio-technical. The people’s contribution to accidents is dominating the machine failure risk. Example I investigated many serious accidents related to the natural gas transportation process. For instance, one emergency stop of the 3. 2-megawatt gas turbine was caused by the malfunction of a frequency meter. After an analysis of reports I concluded that technical maintenance of this device was conducted improperly.A responsible worker forgot to finish one procedure related to the metrology accuracy of this piece of equipment. Another example is when other gas turbine was stopped by alarm during norm al working cycle. The reason for that was unplanned and uncoordinated upgrade of its automatic control system (ACS). From my point of view, the modern technology is very reliable and ACS is highly faultness but social factors as well as poor decision making are of the major reasons for emergency situations. For instance, social factors in Russia are included a low salary and the lack of a proper education. Reading 6. Beach (1993) A descriptive Image theory focuses on people’s individual decisions rather than group ones, and it is directly opposite to prescriptive classical theory of making decisions. There are also three decision-related images (structures), which have to be possessed by a decision maker. The value image is based on personal principles, behavior and beliefs. These are the source for generating goals. Thus, the ultimate criteria for this is when the decision maker consider the values to be relevant. Therefore potential goals and actions, if they are inconsiste nt with the relevant principles, will be refused.The second image, which is called the trajectory image, includes potential goals, which have to be set and the third one, the strategic image, focuses on actions and plans that have to be performed for achieving targets. The important parts of the third image are tactic and forecast, which would be a crucial factors for monitoring a realisation progress of a particular goal. Decision-making process consists of two types of decisions such as adoption and progress which include the implementation of the compatibility and profitability tests.The compatibility test is based on both types of decisions and compares candidates to three images, whereas in contrast the profitability test relates to the adoption decision only and uses the outcome after performing the compatibility test. For instance, the compatibility test selects few candidates, who successfully crossed through a selection criteria and the profitability test therefore chooses the best candidate from the previous sorting. Another important part of the Image theory is the process of framing decisions which is the action when the goal is identified and the plan is alled back if one exists. The data from the practical research suggests that it is unlikely that the decision maker tend to change the selection criteria without changes in principles, goals and plans. Example I was involved into the process of interviewing new workers within the Natural gas industry. I had to employ personnel with sufficient technical knowledge and skills because they have to work within hazardous areas and on potentially dangerous equipment. As a team leader I was hoping to find highly qualified workers with extensive experience for an average amount of salary.After performing several meetings and consultations with potential staff within this salary category I concluded that no one was able to pass the criteria and possess theoretical knowledge and practical achievements from p revious work experience. Because of that I decided to change the working images by changing the criteria. Therefore, I focused on workers who possess theoretical knowledge with engineering ideas in complex. Although they did not have extensive experience, they satisfied basic criteria and were able to perform tasks within their role (maintenance and repair).And after this correction of principles I recruited staff for my team successfully. Reading 7. 3Â  Janis (1971) Groupthink is a way of thinking when members behave with a high level of concurrence and tend to adopt a soft line of criticism on colleague’s ideas or even on every critical issue. This is why they make inhumane decisions easily with serious consequences such as the huge number of people’s deaths. The more cohesive the group, the more the risk that the decision will be proposed without the deep analysis of other choices.There are eight major symptoms of groupthink such as invulnerability, irrationality, ignorance of moral principles, stereotyped and unrealistic positions, group pressure against any critical views, member’s self-censorship, unanimity tendency within a group and the mind guard which is to protect the decision from any kind of the feedback. These indicators are typical for a bad decision making process which in tern may results the inhumane decision with serious consequences. Several steps could be adopted to prevent any group from group thinking.In this case criticism should be accepted not only by members but also by a leader. Wide range of alternatives should also be taken into account as possible options. In a case of vital decisions several groups with different leaders should be established to work on the same problem. Before the final decision is made each member should discuss considerations in its unit of organisation and then provide a final response to the group. An outside expert should be invited to all meetings. One decision-maker within the group should criticise a position of the majority.In the case of consensus the group should organise the final meeting for listening and discussing any doubts against the final decision. Although these actions have also drawbacks. For instance, when growing crisis requests an immediate solution there is no time for discussions and implementing many steps for decision making. Another example might be that the risk of the leakage of vital information would significantly increases when outside specialists are involved. All in all, it seems to be clear that top priority should be given in the prevention of any policymaking unit from the group thinking.Behavioral scientists should also be involved into these processes. Example During my work in Russia a groupthink was played a crucial role because of many factors. Firstly, my colleagues were really close to each other and the company’s social policy was developed for this purpose. Therefore, we spent some days playing games and sports altogether. This resulted in the number of small close-connected teams within the group. Another point is that my boss had a top role during all the process of discussion. Therefore, I had een many examples of bad decision-making. For instance, the only criticism from experienced and old colleagues was taken into account despite obvious things that were given by young professionals. Another factor is that the small teams did know how to play games within this environment and how to speculate. From my point of view, taking into consideration the long-term period, most of the final decisions were satisfactory but insufficient. It means that the projects were performed according to the rules and practices within timelines.But it can be clearly seen that due to the lack of criticism, for example, the total cost of the projects was increased. This way if the rules and steps of good decision practice were implemented, the cost and efficiency would significantly increase. Reading 8. 2Â  C allon (1987) The development of the technology has been explained by many social scientists using different available methods but they have not taken into account the point that the issue of the technology itself can also be represented as a sociological tool for an analysis. This also leads to the changes in understanding the dynamics of technology.There are two sociological views on the dynamic of consumption, which were developed by sociologists Touraine and Bourdieu. Touraine showed that French consumers’ behavior mostly dictated by large monopolies and industry, whereas in contrast Bourdieu pointed out that competition between social classes within French society taken the first place in terms of consumption of goods and services. Therefore these theories were shown by battle between engineers of two powerful French companies in the early 1970s: Electricite de France (EDF) and Renault.Despite the fact that both of them successfully proposed the concept of an electric car (VEL), the EDF’s theory failed because of unsolved technological difficulties related to the area of science and economy of the VEL, but the Renault did survive in the market because it focuses on not only the technological factors but also on rational views. This is the controversial result, because from the sociological point of view Renault’ specialists won this battle by a chance nor by implementing genius technological ideas.This experience of engineers-sociologists is possible to use as a new methodological tool for exploring large sections of society as well as researching within the value of role of social movements in the progress of consumption. There is also a helpful tool which is named the actor network. It is the case when company’s technological strategy supported by many sections of society. It describes the dynamics of society in completely different way without using sociological explanations.Firstly, in the case of implications of radical inn ovations within a technological sector engineers must mix technical and scientific analysis with sociology. Secondly, the actors network approach is efficient because it takes into account outside factors, which are related to common concepts of systems. Example I was responsible for implementing the concept of using compressed natural gas (CNG) as fuel for private cars and municipal buses instead of regular petrol. I was focused on the public transport such as buses because of the potential reduction of pollutions as well as the decrease of the total cost of fuel consumption.Moreover, it was easier to install the necessary equipment on buses because the government agreed to subsidise the cost of these modifications. Whereas in contrast I concluded that private car owners would not agree with this idea because the Siberian region in Russia is a large area and the number of CNG filing stations was limited to only 7. Thus, it was clear for me that using CNG fuel people could not trave l between major cities which is crucial factor. This approach was based on social behavior of people and their habits. Therefore, the main target for our new policy was a municipal transport within major cities.

Business Ethics & Social Responsibility Research Paper

Business Ethics & Social Responsibility - Research Paper Example This essay stresses that business ethics are moral standards and guidelines that guide the conduct of business founded on the concept of what is right, fair and wrong. Majority of business people rely on their consciences for decision making and fall back on their own religious and moral backgrounds for guidance. Business people are on the other hand affected by their immediate colleagues and superiors when making decisions and at times feel pressured to behave in unethical manner when aiming to make profits. This paper declares that many firms have in the recent past made efforts to establish and develop codes of conduct to be used as standards to guide managers in decision making in business. Corporate responsibility on the other hand is a business philosophy that stresses the need for companies and organizations to behave well as corporate citizens by conducting their marketing and production activities in such away to prevent environmental pollution or exploitation as well as obeying the law. Some firms due to their developed code of conduct behave in a more socially responsible way, partially because their managers need to do so and partially due to fear of consumer pressure groups, environmentalists and the media, as well as their concern for their public reputation. This is actually because of the argument that social responsible behavior pays off in the long run even when it includes particular short term sacrifices. (Solomon, 2004). This paper seeks to develop standards for ethic al and moral conduct in the form of a Code of Ethics. The paper will reflect upon my own ethical standards and consider from where my values and principles emerged and how they have evolved over time. Through this, the paper will include references to the moral philosophy or social issues that affect my approach to the development of this Code of Ethics. My Code of Ethics will contain the following components: Statement of values, and why the principles are non-negotiable, the moral philosophy or social issues affecting my approach to ethics, training and communication plan, implementation plan, plan for the role of leadership, corporate social issues, monitoring and enforcing plan, ethics auditing plan, and considerations for working internationally. Development of Code of Ethics involves prescribing values and principles that a firm aspires to operate in consistency to. The Code of Ethics contains the â€Å"thou shalts† and specifies the operation’s ethical rules. Mo st ethicists have argued that the development and continuous dialogue around the values of the Code of Ethics is very significant and pivotal to the business organizations. However, other philosophers have disagreed on the value of Code of Ethics and assert that too much emphasis is often put on them though the codes are not influential in ethics management at workplace. In quite larger organizations with multiple departments and programs, an overall corporate Code of Ethics is mandatory to guide and separate each department or program. I would not develop my Code of Ethics out of Legal departments or Human Resource departments alone. This is because, the Code of Ethics would be insufficient if only intended to ensure the legality of policies. I will do this to ensure that all other people see the program of ethics as driven from top management (Boatright, 2008). On reflection upon my own ethical standards and consideration of where my values and principles emerged and there evolvem ent over time, I would say that ethical principles as standards of conduct define my own conduct of behavior and therefore emerge from within myself. These principles help in establishing the criteria by which other people will judge my decisions and guide me in making such decisions as well. It is important to note that, poor personal ethics ultimately result into poor business ethics. In this regard, my own ethical standards and principles from which I would develop my Code o

Capital markets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Capital markets - Essay Example sically is a promise to pay back the face value of the bond on maturity together with making periodic interest fees known as coupon rate (Palmiter, 2009). Plowback-Earnings is another important source of new funds which corporations use on capital projects. Instead of paying out dividends to shareholders, a company may decide to plowback the profits made back into the corporation. Plowback is basically reinvesting profits back into the business. It is an attractive way of raising capital since it is usually subject to the control of management. There is no approval required from the government for its use, as happens when a corporation seeks to raise funds via selling of stocks, bonds and securities. In addition, bonds and stocks have costs related to them, for instance, interest that is paid on bonds whereas profit retention avoids such costs (Tirole, 2010). Private equity-This is a source that is popular with small firms or start-ups that cannot raise funds through the stock exchange or rather do not desire to subject themselves to other financing options available. Thus they prefer raising capital via private equity, a process that basically comprises of private investors offering capital to a corporation in exchange for a given stake in the firm. A private equity company is a consortium of investors that pool their capital together for purposes of investment, mostly in other companies (Scanlan 1997). Equity securities-commonly referred to as stock is the fourth source of capital for corporations. Equity is basically an ownership stake in a business or property. Stock being the smallest form of new capital is of great importance to a firm in beginning a company and its early operations. A stock will offer an investor several legal rights such as ownership, sharing in earnings, transferability as well as the power to vote. Stocks are acquired through payment of cash (Jenkins 2013). 2. A financial market basically entails a market where entities and people